English Language Essay

English has been used in many different ways since we ever started speaking it. Now as we move into the future, English has and still will be used as an international language. Why is it considered so? Also how did this come about? There are changes ongoing that affect English as a language, such as employment opportunities and why it is important for any potential employer wishing to employ someone. It is also used by professionals who are at work each day, on travel, or work-related matters. English is spoken in many different countries and many people there understand English as it is required for business, travel etc. English is also a source of knowledge as it is needed to understand what people are saying, reading books, writing letters, or reading the newspapers for example. Now in this present time we might be thinking that English will not be threatened, but will the future be well for English in the future like it is now? These questions will be answered throughout this piece of text. English has become an international language with global significance. For some, English has the meaning of a language that has been established for a long time and has had large number of native speakers. In this sense, English, Spanish, Hindi and Arabic, the most widely spoken mother tongues in the world nowadays, might be considered as international languages. However, although these languages are spoken by a large number of native speakers of other civilizations, they cannot serve as a language of wider communication. It is in this sense that English is the international language. In many instances it is the language of wider communication both among individuals from different countries and between individuals from one country. In this way, English is an international language in both a global and a local sense. How did English become an international language? At the height of British power in places such as Australia, India, Hong Kong etc. , the sun never set on the Empire which meant that the British held least one country in each continent and that whenever it was night or day it was never going to set on the British Empire fully. They had significant holdings in places all over the world as well as being a major trading nation, and English traders could be found almost anywhere. English was a very useful language to learn for this reason. As American power eclipsed that of Great Britain, people didn’t have to learn a new language to deal with Americans – Americans spoke English, too. So English’s position became more entrenched. English is a language of international communication. It is used in many places, for example in an airport where all the messages are in English. English is used in tourism, trade, technology. All the newest things within technology are printed in English. It is spoken by a lot of people in the world. It’s one of official languages in United Nation and European Union. It’s easy to use and to communicate to people everywhere. It’s not a very difficult language to learn. All computer languages and programs are closely connected with English. A lot of information in the internet is also written in English. For this reason this is why English became an international language. What potential employers want most of a potential employee is someone with motivation, intelligence, and proven ability to work. If you get an English degree this shows that you have all of those qualities. The ability to communicate is also very valuable for almost any job. Studying English teaches you how to write clearly and effectively. Most courses and some jobs also require presentations and seminar discussions to develop your spoken communication skills. This is what employers are looking for in potential employees. Professionals use the English language, for example a doctor, who would use medical terminology with English instead of plain English. With all this new technology that we have now, there must be a clear and precise way for nurses and doctors to communicate. It is a universal term of reference and highly useful for pinpointing or describing a location or procedure that is required. Doctors and nurses may also use medical terminology when discussing something in front of a patient in order to prevent undue anxiety. Medical â€Å"jargon† is not at all meant to speak in pig latin in front of a patient. It is so that there is no mistake when doctors are conveying information about a patient to each other. For example, to a lay person, â€Å"fever† may mean that the person feels hot, or that the temperature is above 100 Fahrenheit. But no one really knows and can cause a lot of confusion. With medical terms, things are very clear, so that even a surgeon in France can read a scientific journal article and know exactly what the author means. That way, also, medicine can be global and that the medical societies can share ideas and innovations. Since everything in a patient’s medical records must be documented, from signs and symptoms, to the patient’s medical history, to the final diagnosis and treatment, it saves the doctors and all other medical personnel a considerable amount of ime to use a universally accepted form of medical terminology. And, even more importantly to use medical terminology, means it will be safer when all medical professionals, from doctors and nurses, lab techs to radiology techs, etc. use the same universal medical terminology so they don’t have to try to guess what was ordered or charted on the patient’s medical records or what procedure a patient needs. English is used to communicate globally because there are many different languages in the world, and there are none that are more impactful than the English language. The use of the English language is something that is considered a requirement in many fields of business, especially in the higher levels. Even in countries where English is not the country’s first language, a basic knowledge of English is generally required. This fact is definitely true in the fields of medicine and computing, where one is bound to have to communicate with someone that was not born in the same country that you were. And in these fields, having a lingo is something that definitely something that can come in handy. English and people around the world have been studying it for a number of years for them to learn it as best as they possibly can. Chances there will more than likely be a time where a person would need to communicate with someone from another country, and if English, a person could benefit from learning it! And with this global language of communication, it will definitely not be an effort that is in vain. We can use English as a source of knowledge and most of the knowledge is one the internet. There’s only one problem. Most of this knowledge is in English. You must know how to speak English and write English in order to use webpages that are in English Here are some examples of knowledge you can use if you know English: * Most pages on the Web. There’s over a billion (1,000,000,000) pages of information! It’s amazing that learning just one language gives you access to almost all knowledge on the Internet. * Books — on any subject, from all over the world. Read books by British or American authors, and books translated from other languages. Whatever you’re interested in, you can read about it in English! * The press. Only English-language magazines and newspapers can be bought in every part of the world. You don’t have to search for Time, Newsweek, or the International Herald Tribune! * Science. English is the key to the world of science. In 1997, 95% of the articles in the Science Citation Index were written in English. Only about 50% of them were from English-speaking countries like the USA or Britain. * News reports. Watch international television networks, such as CNN International and NBC. They broadcast news much faster, and more professionally, than smaller, national networks. And you can watch them everywhere in the world provided they are actually broadcasting in English. Will English be threatened in the future? Take a giant leap into the future by whatever means available to you. A hundred years ahead would be enough for the purpose in mind. You just want to check out what changes the English language would have undergone over this period of time. Your growing concern for the future of the English Language is indeed justifiable, as you are fully aware that at present certain changes to the English language are taking place and these changes are inevitable as they are part of modernisation. In order to integrate with the technology of the day and to facilitate the proper use of modern communication methods such as text messaging on mobile phones, the changes that are being applied to grammar and punctuation are inevitable. These things might happen in the future and might also affect the future of the English language. In summing up, English has become an international language with global significance. English is the international language because in some instances it is the language of wider communication both among individuals from different countries and between individuals from the same country. English language became the international language, because the British held many countries and were very influential in making English the international language. English is important to any potential employer because it shows that teaches you know how to write clearly and effectively. They also want to be sure that your spoken communication skills are well developed. Professionals for example a doctor would use medical terminology with English instead of plain English because it is needed to communicate between staff in a hospital where it is critical that they know what is going on with a patient right away. English has been and will be used to communicate globally, now and in the future because although there are many different languages in the world, but there were none that were as more impactful than the English language has ever been. English can be a source of knowledge because we can use English because most of the knowledge is on the internet. Currently, we will not know what will happen to English in the future, because we think that English is secure now, but things could happen to English in the future that we could have not envisaged.

The Human Respiratory System: Diagnosis Questions

A)How could an infection in Cari’s nasal passage and pharynx spread into her sinuses? a. Her infection was able to spread to her sinuses because her sinuses became an area that her nasal passages and pharynx could drain into. In here the drainage just sat there and became a breeding ground for bacteria. B)What is the Cough Reflex? Describe the process that Cari’s respiratory system is using to clear her lungs by coughing? a. The cough reflex is used to get things like irritants and fluid which causes us to have sputum out of the nasal passage and pharynx.The cilia or little hairs that are in our trachea is trying to move that mucus and crap from her lungs because they don’t want it there so when there is too much mucus it triggers the cough reflex try to get it out to make more room. C)Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate fluid? a. The structure that wou ld normally help with this are the Macrophages. They are normal found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli. D)How would the resistance of Cari’s airway be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lungs? . It would cause her airway to have resistance because of the fluid buildup would cause her airway to be smaller in diameter. With all of the fluid in her lungs some of her alveoli would be under this fluid causing them not to be able to work like they should and causing friction. E)How would Cari’s lung compliance (the effort required to expand the lungs) be altered as her alveoli fill with fluid due to pneumonia? a. It would increase I believe because she will be working harder to gases In and out of the alveoli.F)How would fluid in Cari’s lungs affect her total lung capacity? a. Her overall lung capacity would be lowered or decreased because of all the fluid in there. With the fluid in there it is taking up all the space that she would normally use for air which means she can’t get as much air in her lungs. G)How does the elevation of Cari’s respiratory rate alter her minute ventilation? a. It would be alter becaused it would be raised. It raises it because she has more volume in her lungs. H)Normal blood oxygen saturation levels are greater than 94%.Cari’s blood oxygen saturation level was 90% at the time of her exam and an arterial blood gas analysis done when she was admitted to the hospital revealed her arterial Po2 was 54 mm Hg. How do these clinical findings relate to the internal respiration in Cari’s body? a. First a normal resting oxygen level should be 94% or higher with no oxygen supplements. A normal Po2 on a person resting is 40 mm Hg and if it was someone that was exercise it would be even lower so the 90% and 50 mmHg means that the arteries have too much oxygen. I)Which symptoms Cari has described are due to lack of oxygen and reduced oxygen exchanged at her tissues? . When she said â€Å"P anting like a dog†. This would be a symptom of what is going on. J)As Cari’s Pco2 rose, how was the oxygen –carrying capacity of hemoglobin affected? a. It will decrease since the CO2 will take oxygen place on the bus which means she will be getting more oxygen and the CO2 will be taken and gotten rid of. K)How would you have expected Cari’s decreased Pco2 and alkaline blood pH to have affected her breathing? a. Since her pH and Pco2 is decreasing so is her rate of breathing because she is not having to work as hard.

Argumentive Essay on Age Differences in Relationships

You may have similar interests, backgrounds or have the same  sense of humor, but through it all one question sticks out among many folks out in the world today. Does age have a bearing on whether or not to enter a relationship? Some feel that you will eventually fall in love with someone half your age but the thing is how can you tell? And is that a deciding factor in getting in a relationship? Many are opposed to this as they feel the gap could cause a great deal of issues within the relationship itself. There are many different opinions about whether age factors play a huge role in a relationship. Some people say it does not matter and others say it is everything. Some people are like me, sort of in the middle. Age is just a number, or is it? One might think that if a man has been alive for forty five years, than he should possess be somewhat mature as far being experienced in relationships. Well in some cases, while the forty year-old may be experienced, when it comes to being mature he may not be all the way there. While a person may have experienced a lot of different things in their life, it does not necessarily mean that they have learned from them. It is a sad fact that some people just never grow up. This may be fortunate or unfortunate depending on how you look at it. However, it is a fact of life. If you date this kind of person you are more than likely in for a rocky relationship Maturity is more a matter of personality than age. According to journalist Vidhi Agrawal, the question of age and relationships is really difficult to answer, especially when the Cupid’s arrow strikes and you fall in love with a person who is 10 years your senior or 15 years younger to you. In historic times, it was common for a man of 30 or 40 years to marry a teenage girl. Then came the period where the difference ranged between two and seven years, with the man being older. Back then there was a simple logic was simple:  the man would be the bread winner while the wife would provide babies. (Agrawal, 2012) In my opinion, I feel that age does matter in relationships. While, it’s not the most important factor it does play a key role in whether or not the relationship sustains a lengthy period or it’s just a seasonal fling. There are issues that need to be considered with relationships that have a noticeable difference in age. These issues are not insurmountable, yet they are obstacles that must be considered and dealt with if the relationship is going to be successful and meaningful to both parties. I feel this way because in these days in time relationships are like the wind. Everyday it seems like most couples break up as fast as they fall in love. While numerous married couples who differ in age now ended up married, they also end up having a divorce due to either: financial problems, fights, or cheating spouses so spending a long time growing old together seem impossible in this day and age. Most relationships today only start with physical attraction or infatuation like magnets but we all know that we are people so we will have desires and attractions to the opposite (or same sex). Choosing someone that is right for the age is probably a suitable solution to lessen breaking hearts and emotional distress. Another reason I feel that age matters is because people nowadays create labels. When a young man or woman dates an older man or woman he/she is commonly called â€Å"cougar†, on the other hand, when an old man or woman dates younger ones he/she is commonly called a â€Å"pedophile†. These two labels doesn’t apply to people who dates 1 year to 4 years older or younger, it only applies to people who are really old like five to ten years age gap. Also in some cultures, age gap are still approved when the parents of two persons are close friends and they talk about the future of their children and starting to pre-arrange their son and daughter’s marriage when both parents know that they are at the right age. Marsh, 2010) In addition, we define our goals, experiences and milestones in life by age. For example, by 21, most people will be a graduate, will have worked for five years and then completed a MBA by 28 and started their own company. Marry and settled with kids by 32, work hard for the next 15 years and then begin retirement plannin g. See, this is how the average person generally planned their life. So when an older man marries a woman much younger to him, there can be conflicts over preferences and goals. She will want to be go out more and engage in active pursuits while he will have that, â€Å"been there, done that† feeling/attitude and may not participate eagerly. Similarly, the balance of power and dominance would always be on the side of the older spouse because he/she is more matured, wise and experienced. To them, younger spouses’ need for indulgence may appear histrionics and attention-seeking behavior. The difference in age could also deepen with time after many years with the partner, thus causing problems. At first, they have a lot of common interests but after many years somewhere between 5 and10 years, while one of them is getting old, the other one is still young in body and spirit. Because of this it would be hard to cope with and keep up with one another because they have simply grown apart. This may lead to break ups. Also, an age gap can have an influence on a relationship by the fact it could lead to three main problems which are the sickness and health, different opinions and the child issue. Sometimes the age gap could be very embarrassing. For example, when a couple goes out to do shopping to buy clothes and things for them and their children and suddenly the sales assistant talks to the woman/man and tells him/her is that person your daddy/mommy?. That would be very embarrassing and not acceptable even though the person does not mean what he says because in the first place he does not know that this person is her husband. The embarrassment that comes from such relationships with age difference makes the younger partner thinking about why he is putting him/herself in such situation, while he could be with person who looks exactly like his age without any embarrassments. This makes lots of marriages fail. Therefore, having healthy relationship without age gap will tackle this problem and makes the couples live happily without embarrassments forever. (Twoface, 2009) An example for these kinds of relationships is that of Demi Moore and Ashton Kutcher. The recently divorced couple was married with an age gap of thirteen years (Demi being around forty and Ashton being around twenty-seven). In these age gap relationships, there were real differences in their interest in physical activities that eventually resulted to the divorce. While many feel like I feel on this subject, there are those who differ with me on this issue. While many feel age will play a deciding factor in a potential break-up, on the contrary, you have those who feel age does not matter in a relationship because in most cases they want someone to match their level of maturity, having a strong commitment to each other, and having someone serious to talk in a personal way. You have those who feel they have either outgrown their age range or are just mature for their age (whether it’s due to circumstances or surroundings) so they seek companionship with mates older than they are. You have those who feel as long as both are mature and are making their own choices than age should not really matter. Another factor one will state in the case of age matters is that the younger person would benefit from the older person’s wisdom and experience and the older person feels as if he has been given new life by the ego boost they get from having someone so young finding them attractive. With that the relationships would be based on only having benefits from each other. These kinds of relationships that based on having benefits from each other have never worked before and will never work (Vilbert Lloyd, 2010). In conclusion, age does really matter in a relationship in some degree and that’s based on whether the two individuals can handle their relationship with a sense of responsibility and commitment based on their level of maturity in sharing their personal outlooks and goals from their life experiences. (Realsexfacts, 2006) Age gap relationships will always be frowned upon mainly due to their abnormality. Most people would look at a 50 year old and a 25 year old together and think â€Å"that’s just  not  right†. I would say for the most part age does matter in a relationship. While you do not want the age gap to be too significant due to practical reasons like how long the person might have until they die or at what age they will stop having sex and procreating. Also, lifestyle and cultural differences might emerge if there is a significant age difference. There will in most cases be a lot of protests from friends and family, so opt for something like this only when you are ready to stand against them. This in turn depends upon whether you are sure about what exists between the two of you and its all that you really want in life. This is not to say that there are no exceptions. Those are always out there and I guess you should get to know your partner well and know what you are getting into before taking any chances with your life. Follow your gut. The heart wants what the heart wants in the end. It does not matter how ridiculous it may look to other people. References (2006). Relationships and Age Difference. Realsexfacts. com. Retrieved 10 March, 2013 from: http://www. realsexedfacts. com/relationships-age-difference. html Agrawal, V. (2012). Age Factor in Marriage and Relationships. BollywoodShaddis. com Retrieved 10 March 2013 from: http://www. bollywoodshaadis. om/article/lifestyle–health/relationships/age-factor-in-marriage-and-relationships Marsh, T. (2009). Does Age Really Matter In Relationships?. Love, Life and Relationships: Terrymarshworld. blogspot. Retrieved 10 March, 2013 from: http://www. terrymarshworld. blogspot. com/2010/03/does-age-really-matter-in-a-relationship. html Twoface. (2009). Does Age Matter. Socyberty. Retrieved 10 Marc h 2013 from: http://socyberty. com/relationships/does-age-matter-age-gap-relationships/ Vilbert, D Lloyd, A (2010). Does A Big Age Difference Doom A Relationship?. Living. MSN. Retrieved 10 March 2013 from: http://living. msn. com/love-relationships Argumentive Essay on Age Differences in Relationships You may have similar interests, backgrounds or have the same  sense of humor, but through it all one question sticks out among many folks out in the world today. Does age have a bearing on whether or not to enter a relationship? Some feel that you will eventually fall in love with someone half your age but the thing is how can you tell? And is that a deciding factor in getting in a relationship? Many are opposed to this as they feel the gap could cause a great deal of issues within the relationship itself. There are many different opinions about whether age factors play a huge role in a relationship. Some people say it does not matter and others say it is everything. Some people are like me, sort of in the middle. Age is just a number, or is it? One might think that if a man has been alive for forty five years, than he should possess be somewhat mature as far being experienced in relationships. Well in some cases, while the forty year-old may be experienced, when it comes to being mature he may not be all the way there. While a person may have experienced a lot of different things in their life, it does not necessarily mean that they have learned from them. It is a sad fact that some people just never grow up. This may be fortunate or unfortunate depending on how you look at it. However, it is a fact of life. If you date this kind of person you are more than likely in for a rocky relationship Maturity is more a matter of personality than age. According to journalist Vidhi Agrawal, the question of age and relationships is really difficult to answer, especially when the Cupid’s arrow strikes and you fall in love with a person who is 10 years your senior or 15 years younger to you. In historic times, it was common for a man of 30 or 40 years to marry a teenage girl. Then came the period where the difference ranged between two and seven years, with the man being older. Back then there was a simple logic was simple:  the man would be the bread winner while the wife would provide babies. (Agrawal, 2012) In my opinion, I feel that age does matter in relationships. While, it’s not the most important factor it does play a key role in whether or not the relationship sustains a lengthy period or it’s just a seasonal fling. There are issues that need to be considered with relationships that have a noticeable difference in age. These issues are not insurmountable, yet they are obstacles that must be considered and dealt with if the relationship is going to be successful and meaningful to both parties. I feel this way because in these days in time relationships are like the wind. Everyday it seems like most couples break up as fast as they fall in love. While numerous married couples who differ in age now ended up married, they also end up having a divorce due to either: financial problems, fights, or cheating spouses so spending a long time growing old together seem impossible in this day and age. Most relationships today only start with physical attraction or infatuation like magnets but we all know that we are people so we will have desires and attractions to the opposite (or same sex). Choosing someone that is right for the age is probably a suitable solution to lessen breaking hearts and emotional distress. Another reason I feel that age matters is because people nowadays create labels. When a young man or woman dates an older man or woman he/she is commonly called â€Å"cougar†, on the other hand, when an old man or woman dates younger ones he/she is commonly called a â€Å"pedophile†. These two labels doesn’t apply to people who dates 1 year to 4 years older or younger, it only applies to people who are really old like five to ten years age gap. Also in some cultures, age gap are still approved when the parents of two persons are close friends and they talk about the future of their children and starting to pre-arrange their son and daughter’s marriage when both parents know that they are at the right age. Marsh, 2010) In addition, we define our goals, experiences and milestones in life by age. For example, by 21, most people will be a graduate, will have worked for five years and then completed a MBA by 28 and started their own company. Marry and settled with kids by 32, work hard for the next 15 years and then begin retirement plannin g. See, this is how the average person generally planned their life. So when an older man marries a woman much younger to him, there can be conflicts over preferences and goals. She will want to be go out more and engage in active pursuits while he will have that, â€Å"been there, done that† feeling/attitude and may not participate eagerly. Similarly, the balance of power and dominance would always be on the side of the older spouse because he/she is more matured, wise and experienced. To them, younger spouses’ need for indulgence may appear histrionics and attention-seeking behavior. The difference in age could also deepen with time after many years with the partner, thus causing problems. At first, they have a lot of common interests but after many years somewhere between 5 and10 years, while one of them is getting old, the other one is still young in body and spirit. Because of this it would be hard to cope with and keep up with one another because they have simply grown apart. This may lead to break ups. Also, an age gap can have an influence on a relationship by the fact it could lead to three main problems which are the sickness and health, different opinions and the child issue. Sometimes the age gap could be very embarrassing. For example, when a couple goes out to do shopping to buy clothes and things for them and their children and suddenly the sales assistant talks to the woman/man and tells him/her is that person your daddy/mommy?. That would be very embarrassing and not acceptable even though the person does not mean what he says because in the first place he does not know that this person is her husband. The embarrassment that comes from such relationships with age difference makes the younger partner thinking about why he is putting him/herself in such situation, while he could be with person who looks exactly like his age without any embarrassments. This makes lots of marriages fail. Therefore, having healthy relationship without age gap will tackle this problem and makes the couples live happily without embarrassments forever. (Twoface, 2009) An example for these kinds of relationships is that of Demi Moore and Ashton Kutcher. The recently divorced couple was married with an age gap of thirteen years (Demi being around forty and Ashton being around twenty-seven). In these age gap relationships, there were real differences in their interest in physical activities that eventually resulted to the divorce. While many feel like I feel on this subject, there are those who differ with me on this issue. While many feel age will play a deciding factor in a potential break-up, on the contrary, you have those who feel age does not matter in a relationship because in most cases they want someone to match their level of maturity, having a strong commitment to each other, and having someone serious to talk in a personal way. You have those who feel they have either outgrown their age range or are just mature for their age (whether it’s due to circumstances or surroundings) so they seek companionship with mates older than they are. You have those who feel as long as both are mature and are making their own choices than age should not really matter. Another factor one will state in the case of age matters is that the younger person would benefit from the older person’s wisdom and experience and the older person feels as if he has been given new life by the ego boost they get from having someone so young finding them attractive. With that the relationships would be based on only having benefits from each other. These kinds of relationships that based on having benefits from each other have never worked before and will never work (Vilbert Lloyd, 2010). In conclusion, age does really matter in a relationship in some degree and that’s based on whether the two individuals can handle their relationship with a sense of responsibility and commitment based on their level of maturity in sharing their personal outlooks and goals from their life experiences. (Realsexfacts, 2006) Age gap relationships will always be frowned upon mainly due to their abnormality. Most people would look at a 50 year old and a 25 year old together and think â€Å"that’s just  not  right†. I would say for the most part age does matter in a relationship. While you do not want the age gap to be too significant due to practical reasons like how long the person might have until they die or at what age they will stop having sex and procreating. Also, lifestyle and cultural differences might emerge if there is a significant age difference. There will in most cases be a lot of protests from friends and family, so opt for something like this only when you are ready to stand against them. This in turn depends upon whether you are sure about what exists between the two of you and its all that you really want in life. This is not to say that there are no exceptions. Those are always out there and I guess you should get to know your partner well and know what you are getting into before taking any chances with your life. Follow your gut. The heart wants what the heart wants in the end. It does not matter how ridiculous it may look to other people. References (2006). Relationships and Age Difference. Realsexfacts. com. Retrieved 10 March, 2013 from: http://www. realsexedfacts. com/relationships-age-difference. html Agrawal, V. (2012). Age Factor in Marriage and Relationships. BollywoodShaddis. com Retrieved 10 March 2013 from: http://www. bollywoodshaadis. om/article/lifestyle–health/relationships/age-factor-in-marriage-and-relationships Marsh, T. (2009). Does Age Really Matter In Relationships?. Love, Life and Relationships: Terrymarshworld. blogspot. Retrieved 10 March, 2013 from: http://www. terrymarshworld. blogspot. com/2010/03/does-age-really-matter-in-a-relationship. html Twoface. (2009). Does Age Matter. Socyberty. Retrieved 10 Marc h 2013 from: http://socyberty. com/relationships/does-age-matter-age-gap-relationships/ Vilbert, D Lloyd, A (2010). Does A Big Age Difference Doom A Relationship?. Living. MSN. Retrieved 10 March 2013 from: http://living. msn. com/love-relationships

Albert Einstein's Philadelphia Experiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Albert Einstein's Philadelphia Experiment - Essay Example The Philadelphia experiment was done on a Navy destroyer escort, the USS Eldridge, which was fitted with required equipment and generators, began in the summers of 1943 and was initially a success to a limited degree. First, the experiment was conducted using domestic Animals on a ship; the animals were placed in metal cages on the USS Eldridge, the ship became invisible but when it materialized many of the animals were missing and some had radiation and burn marks on them, for the first time humans were not be tested. Yet the next time the Experiment was performed with a full crew aboard reportedly underwent the Philadelphia Experiment. The men on board did not know what was happening; they were only told that they were going to be made invisible with the ship. For the second time Eldridge being rendered almost completely invisible, with some eyewitnesses reporting a greenish fog; however, crew members complained of serious nausea afterward. At that time the experiment was altered b y the Navy, with the new goal being invisible to radar only. Equipments used were not recalibrated, and the Experiment was performed again with a new crew member and few scientists. This time, Eldridge not only actually became almost entirely invisible to the naked eye but actually vanished from the area entirely. Concurrent with the phenomenon, the U.S Naval base at Norfolk, Virginia, just over 375 miles away, reported sighting the Eldridge vanished again and reappeared in the Philadelphia, not only it was vanished and moved miles away but it was also years away. The effect of this experiment on the crew members was profound and almost all of the crew members were violently ill. Some suffered from mental illness because of the experience; behavior conforming to schizophrenia is described in some accounts. Some of the members were missing supposedly vanished and some were actually fused to the mental bulkhead. Some of the Survivors of the experiment said that they were horrified by the experiment and tried to jump out of the ship and went through a time travel, they were in the year 1983 and they met the scientist who was with them on the ship, they were very much scared and were asked to shut down the Machine on the ship and when they returned to the ship they switched off the machine, but it was too late. Some of the other sailor also went through time travel, they found themselves in a

Morphology and Behaviour of White-handed gibbon, Grey Titi Monkey and Essay - 1

Morphology and Behaviour of White-handed gibbon, Grey Titi Monkey and the Gorilla - Essay Example They are mainly frugivorous, mainly feeding on ripe fruit from tropical trees and woody climbers. Flowers, leafy plants and insects form part of their food. Where territories overlap, food sources are shared. Their behavior involves intraspecific communication, using vocalization which consists of duetting between breeding females and males. A territoriality function, the duets serve as signals to neighbors posing threats. As they are arboreal, the physical and vocal interactions during the retreat to sleeping trees for the minimization of predator risk. Mostly monogamous, they live in groups of 2 to 6 and a female produces a single offspring approximately every 3.5 years. About a rabbit’s size, they are medium-sized to small primates. Prehensility is absent in their bodies, and are also not sexually dimorphic, exhibiting the difference between males and females. Body coloration and pelage includes a seemingly shaggy fur. Dorsal surfaces of some species often have a lighter shade in contrast to the rest of the body, while some have a fairly uniform color. Sometimes, the tail is in contrast to the rest of the body, with some species having ear tufts that contrast. It moves quadrupedally and also by leaping. Predominantly frugivorous, they mainly feed on plants and eat numerous species of plants and fruits. Primatologists have named them as strongly omnivorous, feeding on both plants and flesh including butterflies, moths, spiders, cocoons, and ants. They are diurnal, remaining awake and active until sunset. Gron notes that titi monkeys avoid other primates if possible, as they are often chased from food sources by the larger sympatric primates.  

707 week 12 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

707 week 12 - Assignment Example I would contact my employer for submission of the EBP project because the corporate body authored the work and claiming individual authorship would be a breach of honesty and integrity (Macfarlane, 2010). Conducting an independent research and submitting its report would however be moral, because no other party’s intellectual property rights would be infringed. Such an independent study would also be necessary to validate deviation from expected results from the initial EBP project that could have resulted from changes in the healthcare environment. Findings of the EBP project should be disseminated despite realization of contrary results to the hypothesis. This is because a hypothesis is an indicator of expectations but not a criterion for validity or reliability. The results could further be indicators of emergent factors that shift outcomes from previous observation and dissemination is likely to inform relevant stakeholders of the possible shifts and facilitate further results for validation. Dissemination should however be done under authorship of the

Evidence Based Practice amongst Physiotherapists. Attitudes, Essay

Evidence Based Practice amongst Physiotherapists. Attitudes, Knowledge, and Barriers - Essay Example Moreover, they consider reading of research literature as an important activity in their profession. But it is pointed out that there are some barriers which keep them away from reading research journals. In the concluding part, Kamwendo points out: â€Å"A cultural change within the profession, allowing more time for reading and discussing research reports should be encouraged.†(Kamwendo K, 2002) effective changes can be implemented in physiotherapy by allowing more time for reading and discussing research reports. Most of the Swedish physiotherapists like to read journals and other works in their own language. This prevents them to exploit the positive sides of EBP, because most of the journals published on EBP are in English. To conclude, it is important that most of the Swedish physiotherapists value EBP and research in physiotherapy. The research conducted by Diane U Jette, Kimberly Bacon, Cheryl Batty, Melissa Carlson, Amanda Ferland, Richard D Hemingway, Jessica C Hill, Laura Ogilvie and Danielle Volk, namely ‘Evidence-Based Practice: Beliefs, Attitudes, Knowledge, and Behaviors of Physical Therapists’, states that the physical therapist members of American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) strongly supports the Evidence Based Practice (EBP) in their field. The hypothesis points out the close relation between quality and individual practice characteristics of physiotherapists. The respondents supported the importance of evidence in practice because they like to rely upon evidence than theory. The theories are applicable for the general field of medical care. But when it is applied to physiotherapy, practitioner had to consider so many individual factors related to the patient. Rich literature in EBP helps physiotherapists to provide better patient care. It is a fact that younger and recently lic ensed practitioners rely on research works and EBP to improve their skills. Furthermore, most of the

The temperature and forms of energy and alternative Essay

The temperature and forms of energy and alternative - Essay Example Energy is known to have existed in different forms and by law of conservation, it is neither gained nor lost, only transformed between such forms. Humans have since time hugely benefitted from utilizing energy with light, heat, gravitation, and sound. Scientific studies, moreover, allowed discoveries of other convertible energy forms such as mechanical energy, electrical energy, chemical energy, and nuclear energy. It is of primary significance to life that each energy form is capable of operating a specific engine or machinery to aid men in their means of comfortable living and advancement toward a more sustainable economy. Out of these forms, energy is further classified as either originating from resources or non-renewable resources. In particular, biofuels like the ones based on algae are a renewable alternative fuel used in producing electricity. Besides the renewably drawn energy derived through biomass, geothermal energy, hydroelectric energy, wind, and solar powers, good fuel alternatives are present as well in bioalcohols, non-fossil methane and natural gas, ammonia, and vegetable oil. These safer options create possibilities of reducing air pollution since less hazardous substances are involved during the crucial stages of extraction and emission processes. This way, state investments may be allocated for concerns other than for setting up

Eng man Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Eng man - Essay Example All these components ensure the welfare of the student is taken care of, and the students receive value for their money. Wake Technical Community College was established in 1958. It is a two-year college in Raleigh city in North Carolina. From the start, its initial name was Wake Country Industrial Education Center but in 1987, it changed its name to the current name. The college is part of the North Carolina Community College System, whose funding comes from the state. On accreditation, it received its accreditation in 1970 from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. It offers associate degree and certificate programs and has an enrollment of over 19,000 students. The programs can be either in vocational fields as well as liberal arts, which is a good option for a student that would wish to transfer to four-year college or university afterward. The college has several components that make it a good college and hence ideal for someone wishing to further their education. First, the college offers programs in over 180 areas of study. That serves to give students a broad variety of options for careers, as well as personal interests. Some of the fields in which one can enroll include construction management, emergency medical science, medical assistance, dental assisting, automotive technology, accounting, graphic design, business administration, welding technology, engineering technology, architecture technology, hotel and restaurant management as well as general education. For those that wish to transfer to four-year colleges or universities, the college offers associate degree programs in various areas. Some of the areas the university offers such courses include pre-engineering, arts and sciences. The wide range of class time available in the college makes it easy for one to schedule their classes to fit with other commitments such as family and job

Report on employability position Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Report on employability position - Essay Example The word â€Å"employability† is simply pertaining to each individual’s capabilities of being able to be hired for the job post a person wishes to apply. The concept of employability does not necessarily stop with the idea of being hire but also a person’s ability to maintain his/her competitiveness in order to maintain such employment for a long period of time. Considering this point-of-view, employability would somehow indirectly refer to the qualities and skills each person has in order to be able to outstandingly perform a particular task. Globalization has somehow triggered the market competition within the labour market. In order to compete effectively with other small and medium enterprises (SMEs) or large multinational companies, HR managers are being challenged to maintain a number of self-efficient employees who are capable of multi-tasking in order to keep the overhead or cost of labour as low as possible. qualification requirement from each job post has become more complex in the sense that job applicants who were able to acquire multiple skills and has the ability to easily cope with the continuously changing demand in the labour market are the ones who could easily be hired for their preferred job post. For this reason, each person has to consider the knowledge, skills, and attitude (KSAs) they have acquired over the years in order to learn more about their individual employability for a potential employment. Employability of each individual is more than the academic backgrounds they have acquired from school and universities. Specifically the knowledge of each person outside the scope of academic subjects and attitude are equally important to enable a person be hired or be able to maintain their preferred employment. For example: The job of a bar tender does not stop with having knowledge about mixing cocktail drinks. In most cases, it also requires special skills like juggling some empty bottles as a form of

Shanghai University of Finance and Economics Essay Example for Free

Shanghai University of Finance and Economics Essay 1. Introduction Britvic Soft Drinks has a long and rich history. At first this company was then little more than a home business run from a chemists shop. Soon the company was producing all kinds of originally concocted soft drinks. It was only in 1949 that the Britvic brand was formally launched into the marketplace. Following the Second World War, Britvic went from strength to strength. In 1971, the British Vitamin Product Company formally changed its name to Britvic. Now, Britvic has two branded soft drink business which  supplies wide range of products. But Britvic has taken a hit, they improve position. Through marketing campaigns and drench brains campaign, including TV adverts and establish. It gives brand a great support and fit with the personality of the brand. Britvic increases market share and grow consumer awareness of its brands. Via fast moving and use different campaigns in various market. But Britvic also have some negative, for example the main consumer groups are young people. The old man Pay more attention to health. So Britvic need in keep original strength, for more consumer groups make action. Britvic places strong emphasis on brands and creating brand loyalty. They plan to launch a Tango, designed to attract older consumers. To expand consumption groups and have more benefits. 2.0 Key characteristics of the marketing concept 2.1 Marketing â€Å"Marketing is the process of communicating the value of a product or service to customers. Marketing might sometimes be interpreted as the art of selling products, but selling is only a small fraction of marketing. As the term Marketing may replace Advertising it is the overall strategy and function of promoting a product or service to the customer. † (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing) Other marketing definitions are mentioned in the book and PPT is: â€Å"Selling goods that do not come back to customers who do at a profit which satisfied shareholders using means which satisfy other stakeholders.† (Source: SQA, 2006) â€Å"Marketing is process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others.†(PPT) From those three definitions I think marketing is an activity. Marketing activities and strategies result in making products available that satisfy customers while making profits for the companies that offer those products. Marketing is delivered to the client satisfaction profit through the conversion. 2.2 Three key characteristics of the market concept The company should identify and define customer needs and wants as well as their expectations. All goods and services produced by the firm must satisfy the customer needs. Then they will keep returning as a frequent caller and purchase more goods. All departments, functions and sections of the business  must work together to meet the main objectives of the organization. You should let your employee satisfaction of their salary, and provide good working conditions, so that they will continue to work hard. Must follow government’s laws and pay taxes to create honesty. Marketing concept assumes that profit can only be achieved when customers are satisfied. The customers are entitled to a reasonable product for a reasonable price, while the firm is also entitled to a reasonable profit for a reasonable product. And company must be enough profit made to keep the business in operation. To ensure these characters, a successful company can be formed. 3.0 Britvic’s micro and macro environment A collection of companies that carry out similar tasks or provide similar benefits is called an industry. These organizations exist within an environment, which exerts an influence on the operations of the industry and the individual organizations within it. 3.1 Micro and Macro environment â€Å"The micro environment refers to the forces that are close to the company and affect its ability to serve its customers. It includes the company itself, its suppliers, marketing intermediaries, customer markets, competitors, and publics.† â€Å"The macro environment refers to all forces that are part of the larger society and affect the microenvironment. It includes concepts such as demography, economy, natural forces, technology, politics, and culture.† 3.2 PEST Analysis The PEST include political, economic, sociocultural, technological. Political factors are government meddling in the economy. If policy having changes, the market must make the corresponding change. Economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflation rate. Economic factors can influence the enterprise operation. For example, exchange rates can influence of import and export goods. Social factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. This  factor can tell enterprise how to operate. To find a most conforms to the social needs of the operation. Technological factors include technological aspects such as RD activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change. The technological factors can change cost of production, how a business will run. 3.3 These environment relate with Britvic There have new rules on television advertising of food and drink to children aged fewer than 16 has led to the use of non-television campaigns. So young consumers become reduces, Britvic’s advertising strategy failures. In 2008, soft drinks sales decline due to the economic downturn. At that time consumers seek value for money. So soft drink was proved to be elastic demand. It cannot avoid the pressures of the economic crisis. Britvic can sell cold drinks in summer and in winter sell hot drinks. It is a new opportunity to make the drink market development. Package technology is a significant development in Britvic. Use bottled instead of glass bottle, it can make transportation more convenient. And nowadays the packages of soft drink are more and more advanced. At the same time it can meet customer demand and reduce the cost. 4.0 Important of market research and important gathered 4.1 What is marketing research? â€Å"Market research consists of testing the market to determine the acceptance of a particular product or service, especially amongst different demographics. It is used to establish which portion of the population will or does purchase a product, based on age, gender, location, income level and many other variables. Market research allows companies to learn more about past, current and potential customers, including their specific likes and dislikes.† 4.2 The importance of information Companies need information about their customer needs, marketing environment and competition. Companies can follow their information to sure how their business will run. Marketing managers do not need more information, they need better information. 4.3 Types of market research The types of market research is defining the problem and research objectives; developing the research plan for collecting information; implementing the research plan collecting and analyzing the data; interpreting and reporting the finding. Market research includes exploratory research, descriptive research and causal/predictive research. There are two main sources of marketing research data: Secondary research and Primary research. Secondary, or ‘desk’ research uses existing information, collected originally for some other purpose and now being used a second time. â€Å"When research is conducted to unearth original data, it is called primary research. To do this, an original research plan must be devised which will encompass, data collection, data input and then the production and analysis of the subsequent results. Due to the sometimes lengthy duration of this research it can often be expensive to conduct. However, because the research is original, the results gather ed will be more relevant to the needs of the client.† 4.4 Type of information The gathering information includes Secondary information and Primary information. â€Å"Primary information is information that has been obtained first hand, or is original. Primary information is the exact opposite of secondary information. Primary; original, first hand, principle, first priority information; knowledge there are many forms of primary information, these include; surveys (that you have conducted), interviews, human resources and so forth.† Primary information is the original materials which have not been filtered through interpretation, it is someone want to gain some information then he through statistical get conclusion. It is even no evaluation by a second party. â€Å"It is information compiled/generated/created by computer. Secondary information can be deleted and regenerated at any time. Secondary Information is information that is derived from other information.† Secondary information may be after a second use. So it is may no use value 4.5 The research in Britvic Britvic can research its customers. To found the main consumer groups. Britvic can make a questionnaire issue to each human that purchase their products to make the product meet the customers’ need. Then they can find the main consumer groups with Britvic is teen-agers. And then Britvic plan to launch a Tango variant called Tango Clear with no added sugar, designed to attract older consumers. The move can make to improve its current market conditions and have a group of constant consumers. The company also can take some new projects to better meet the needs of customers. The primary research strengths are dealing with problems very accurate, the weakness is time consuming, Britvic can get the original information, but it will take much time and the cost is expensive. However the result of research is more in line with customer demand. Secondary research strengths are fast and easy to get, weaknesses are collected for other, Britvic can easily get a rough answer, but it is easy to get. I suggest the Britvic need a market research before developing Tango Clear in order to figure out the right marketing mix and the wants of customers. With the research, they can avoid the market failure and unnecessary loss. 5.0 Marketing research information collection technique Britvic invention a new product called Tango Clear. This product with no added sugar, designed to attract older consumers. Before this product develops Britvic can have a survey such as questionnaire. This action is Britvic go through survey on consumers tastes preference determined. From the survey, company know what flavor is older customers prefer. So they can development this new product with this survey’s information. Tango has two star flavor products. The two products have an excellent sale. This product is the first time that keep the older customer change their opinion from a product specialized aim at children. Therefore, there will take more customers to buy this product. Then a high brand loyalty has been established. Primary research include: qualitative research and quantitative research. Qualitative research tends to know the opinion and view of people. And the quantitative research tends to find the statistical information. If Britvic used In-depth interviews, they can gain the information clearly and particular. But this way is so expensive and waste too much time. So we do  not recommend Britvic using this method. If Britvic used postal surveys, it is very convenience to the company. But it must need much time to receive reply. Britvic can use a qualitative research techniques that focus group. Britvic need to promote the new product for older customer. So they can only take a survey from older customer. 6.0 Market segmentation and targeting 6.1 market segmentation â€Å"Market segmentation is a marketing term referring to the aggregating of prospective buyers into groups (segments) that have common needs and will respond similarly to a marketing action. Market segmentation enables companies to target different categories of consumers who perceive the full value of certain products and services differently from one another.†   Levels of market segmentation can divide markets into smaller segments. It can be reached more efficiently and effectively with products and services that match their unique needs. Market segmentation represents an effort to increase a companys targeting precision. It include: Mass marketing, it means same product to all consumers; Segment marketing that difference products to one or more segments; Niche marketing that different products to subgroups with in segments; Micromarketing, it means products to suit the tastes of individuals and locations. And the Micromarketing included Local marketing- tailoring brand s/ promotions to local customer group; Individual marketing- Tailoring products and programs to the needs of individual customers. Standards of segmentation: Company can accord age, life, style, etc. to segmentation the market. For example Red Devin, it is a sport energy drinks, It mainly provide physical strength consumption huge young people drinking. So Red Devin’s market has according to age and life. Behavioral segmentation: It is based on variable such as customers usage rate, benefits sought, company brand loyalty, user status, occasions and readiness to buy etc. 6.2 market targeting Target market is defined as being a set of buyers who share common needs or characteristics that the company decides to serve. The selection of potential customers to whom a business wishes to sell products and services is targeting. Successful marketing find a target audiences. Every business set a target after their market research. The targeting involves segmentation the market choosing which segment of the market is appropriate and determining the product that will be offered in each segment. 6.3 The process of marketing segmentation and targeting The process of marketing segmentation The first step in the segmentation process is to establish the market and targeted consumers. The second step is often termed as market mapping and involves structuring the entire marketing procedures based upon the need of the said market. The third step is entirely dependent upon the consumers as the demand by consumers and their suggestions are largely viewed, surveyed, taken into consideration and in many cases implemented. In this step, the actual segment begins to take shape as like-minded consumers having same demands are placed together and are analyzed as a group. Launching of a parallel or a totally new product is viewed in this situation. The last step is catering to the needs of existing consumers and finding new markets. 6.4 benefits of market segmentation and targeting 1) Lower marketing expenses by targeting certain segment. Good for small budget companies; 2) Increase production and marketing efficiency and effectiveness; 3) Increased effectiveness in marketing campaign designed to attract that segment. 4) Improve profitability and enhance market share;  5) Tailoring product offering to a certain market segment improves customer satisfaction. Britvic following all kinds of market segmentation and they are applying market segmentation for targeting. As a result they are getting more and more benefits. They recognize that the Great Depression in UK lead to poorest customers needed an affordable source of Vitamin C and they have made a small glass bottle of juice and the idea was successful from the Geo-Demographic Segmentation. 7.0 Marketing mix in relation to Britvic 7.1 marketing mix The marketing mix is a business tool used in marketing. The marketing mix is often crucial when determining a product or brands offering, and is often  synonymous with the four Ps: price, product, promotion, and place. Product Line: A group of products have similar function, group of customers, distribution channel and price ranges. For example, Britvic have creation different kinds of drink. Product Depth: The more products in a product line are means product line is longer. For example, in one product line of Britvic have many kind of soft drink include lemonades, mineral waters, tonics. Product Length: All production the variety of goods. For example, Britvic have two main products that soft drink and Stills. Product Width: A company the number of the product line. In Britvic have two product lines. The brand of Britvic: Britvic has a constant flow of new product development. Follow different group of customers change their product. It can increase brand loyalty. The factors aff ect the successful launch of the new product in to the market. For example, the product is launched at the wrong time. If Britvic launch a new soft drink at winter, that a wrong time. Because winter is so cold, very few people to buy soft drinks. Therefore this product cannot be successful. 7.2 distribution channel Product distribution (or place) is one of the four elements of the marketing mix. Distribution is the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by a consumer or business user, using direct means, or using indirect means with intermediaries. The traditional distribution model is Manufacturing, Wholesaler, and Retailer. Intermediaries can save time, minimizing compliance costs, and free you up to focus on whats important building your business. The Britvic’s products present to supermarket, cinemas, Hotel, restaurant and Bar. Britvic supplies a wide range of products to approximately 200,000 outlets across the country. It is extensive sales channels. But it may be a little waste. It can decrease their distribution channel, take them dont be so dense. In a public that population is concentrated; the intermediaries can lay up some vending machines. Price is the main of marketing mix. Because it is must be right price. It is must be high enough to cover costs and make a good profit however at the same time be low price to catch the eye of customers. Pricing strategy which company’s use such as price skimming, price penetration, and competitive.  Price skimming involves setting a high price before other competitors come into the market. This is often used of a new product which is not facing little competition. Price penetration is the pricing method of setting a relatively low initial entry price, usually lower than the intended established price to attract new customers. Influence the pricing strategy’s factors. Competitive: If there is strong competition in a market then the price of product will be same for different products. Products may be good or bad. â€Å"Advertising is a form of communication for marketing and used to encourage or persuade an audience (viewers, readers or listeners; sometimes a specific group) to continue or take some new action.†   Advertising was usually including the type of newspaper, magazines, television commercial, radio advertisement, outdoor advertising or direct mail; or new media such as blogs, websites or text messages. Even if print and cinema are very attract consumers, but those ways is so expensive.TV is a good method, because everybody can see TV at home. Most of products have life cycle. For example, in summer advertisement with soft drink can be decrease. Because summer is so hot, most of people want to drink Cool coke to relieving summer-heat. Even if no advertisement customers don’t forget this product. But government doesn’t allow large-scale advertising. So the company can change their policy, they can Show the exhibits in the magazine covers. And according radio in troduces their products. â€Å"Direct marketing is a channel-agnostic form of advertising that allows businesses and nonprofits organizations to communicate straight to the customer, with advertising techniques that can include Cell Phone Text messaging, email, interactive consumer websites, online display ads, fliers, catalog distribution, promotional letters, and outdoor advertising.† 8.0 Marketing mix from perspective of service Tangible goods have many accompanying services. For example delivery precision, speed, after services, health concerns, customers services hotline, etc. Those accompanying services all can help company have improving goodwill, improving customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. Process is a procedure. It is a mechanism of activities which is involved in the delivery of a service. It means that how a business provides a good service to the customers and to get success. For example, Britvic juices were sold in small glass bottles which ensured easy transportation. This process can make customer feel convenience. This is good service for Britvic. People who serve the customers are the main in a service. People are considering the most important element in any kinds of service so the rule of staff is very important to influences a customer’s perception of the quality of service. Front side who are dealings with customers they must be highly trained and with good knowledge about their product. The company must train staff communication skills. For example: Ralph Chapman. He is owner of the British. Physical Environment Physical environment is very important for any kinds of business. It is an extended marketing strategy which is used to satisfy the customers by the best advertisement, with either tangible products or service. The marketing strategy should include effectively communicating their satisfaction to potential customers because of the intangibility of service. From physical environment the customers want comfort. For example, if manufacturing environment is very well. It is used to satisfy the customers by the best advertisement. On the other hand it will be not only comfortable for the customers but also for staffs. Britvic also can attempts to develop the online marketing. Online marketing is one of the population ways with shopping today. 9.0 Recommendations Britvic is distributing its products to a wide range of areas such as supermarkets, local shops, restaurant, pubs, hotels, and cinemas. If they wanted to, they can distribute their products for a more broad range. They could distribute to wholesalers and give them exclusive offers which are not available elsewhere. They also can door to door promotion for their product. Britvic is a very successful brand and company, so they could use any kinds  of promotional method. For example they have been used Wimbledon and Pantomimes which gives the brand a lot of publicity. However, it can not only make the advertisement through TV, it also can release it on the magazine, paper and subway advertising. Thus more people will know this brand. The sponsor can launch a lot of marketing activities, let more consumer understand this brand Britvic has a long and rich history, so its’ image in peoples hearts are very clear. Its’ price must be in a scope of public satisfaction. But it a lso can have a low-cost product. This action can take people use a low price to enjoy an old brand of products. So this method must be increased the products sales. 10.0 Summary and conclusion The problem of Britvic is poor summer weather has impact the sales. And the health awareness has driven demand, it also impact the sales of soft drink. Britvic can according to the seasonal introduce the corresponding new products. For example, in cold winter they can develop a hot drink. Britvic should sure their marketing objective. It is aim at the vast numbers of young meanwhile attracted older customers. Britvic can accord older costumers’ flavor to develop some new products. 11.0 Reference The websites visited included: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_environment http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_environment http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-market-research.htm http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=802 http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_primary_information http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?SecondaryInformation http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marketsegmentation.asp#ixzz2Cx7YQZWq http://www.buzzle.com/articles/market-segmentation-process.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_marketing

Managing your professional performance Essay Example for Free

Managing your professional performance Essay 1.0 INTRODUCTION Personal development planning (PDP) is a process undertaken by an individual to reflect upon their own development in a purposeful way through learning and experience. (Jackson, 2001) Everyone has desires and aspirations in life. To go about achieving goals and success in one’s life, it is vital to jump start and implement a very own personal and professional development plan. Every individual will have their own interpretation of personal development. For me, it is a lifelong personal growth and learning progress not only in building on self awareness and enhancing on skills and professions but also to achieve spiritual growth. 2.0 ANALYSE PERCEIVED DEVELOPMENT NEEDS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE MODULE 2.1 Personal Vision and Mission Vision Statement: â€Å"To become an effective and respected General Manager in the hospitality industry; helping to enhance the performance and continuous improvement within the business and extending excellence service to the customers.† Mission Statement: â€Å"I will strive hard to work my way up the ladder with continuous learning and development of knowledge, skills and experiences and at the same time, maintaining good work ethics and relationships with people around me.† MANAGING YOUR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE Philosophy: I always believe that if one does not have the passion towards something, one won’t achieve success in it. We may be inspired to do something, but to be successful in what we are doing requires great effort and determination. Just like the saying from Thomas Alva Edison (1929 cited in Sommers 2012, p184) â€Å"Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration†. If no effort is put in, there’s just no way that we can achieve success in life. 2.2 Status When I have chosen hospitality as my career, I knew it is a field that differs from the others which it requires not only basic hospitality knowledge and skills but also industry experience. Therefore, along with my studies I have held several part time positions as a waitress, promoter, sale executive and even a part time tuition teacher to gain career-related experience. As soon as I completed my diploma studies, I undergo my industrial training and continue on as a full time employee working as a guest experience executive with Le Meridien Hotel before I further my degree in order to gain broader knowledge and real-world experiences. Throughout these years so much has happened. Everyday I’m facing with new challenges and obstacles in work, with many ups and downs. I have learned to be patient; looking at things from different perspective and creatively dealing with different types of human being. All these working experiences have developed me a sense of competence and build up my self-esteem. Also, I’m more aware of the attitudes, skills and experiences that required for further career development and seizing the opportunity to gain insight and learn more about myself. MANAGING YOUR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE 2.3 Self Assessment I have made an assessment of my own personality and capabilities in certain key skill areas in order to anlayse my strengths and weaknesses as well as to review on the gaps that I could further enhance for my long-term career prospects. (a) Personality Personality test is vital in helping me to understand my inner self and review on areas that could be improved for better self development to achieve future career success. I have taken the big five personality tests which could review on my level of sociability, friendliness, work ethic, calmness and creativity. (Please refer to appendix 1 – The Big Five Model of Personality) The result indicated that I am a person who is well organised, relatively social and tends to consider the feelings of others. However, weak in handling emotions and tend to be conventional. (b) Career Motivation According to Robbins (2001 cited in Tan and Amna 2011, pp73-94), motivation is a needs-satisfying process, which means individuals will strive to achieve goals when their needs are satisfied by certain factors. It is highly important for me to understand my career motivation in order to achieve a more fulfilling and productive career. And based on the career motivation test that I have taken, I realized for me to ensure a long term job satisfaction; my career motivational needs are recognition and long-term reward. (Please see appendix 2 – Career Motivation Test) This enables me to reflect and decide on the type of organisation My ex-manager exercises a range of leadership approaches as shown in the table above and deploys them appropriately according to different situations. Instead of practicing only one or few of the leadership approaches, her way of leading and levels of control towards the team is moving along the continuum which from being an autocratic leader to a democratic leader. MANAGING YOUR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE 3.1.4 Different Styles and Different Stages When I first joined in the organisation, I was really not used to her way of managing as I was being ordered and instructed on things to do without having the freedom to do according to my way. Whenever I questioned on the task that I was performing, her reply is always the same â€Å"Just follow and do whatever I told you, soon you will understand why.† Until a period where I saw other teams were doing the same tasks as mine but different way of performing; and they ended up screwing up the tasks made me realized her intention was to train me on the right way of doing things. After gaining some period of working experience, she presented a list of suggestions and solutions; and allowed me decide on my own based on my analysis and past experience. And as soon as she had faith on me and the team and having confidence in our abilities, she allowed us to develop ideas and decide on action to be taken. As in overall, when the team is immature or new, she will practice the styles more towards to the left-hand side of the spectrum. By contrast, when the team is skilled and motivated, she will practice the styles that are more towards to the right-hand side of the spectrum. Her shifting in leadership styles from being autocratic to democratic at different stages has inspired me and made me understand that a great leadership is not necessary to be consistent with the forms of leadership, but being able to apply the right style at the right situation. ILP 333 MANAGING YOUR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE and influence followers’ perceptions, and eventually smooth the path in achieving common goals. 3.1.6 Conclusion I truly believe that there is no one â€Å"best† style of leadership. Different leaders will have their own interpretation of what is called a good leader and with different approaches to leadership. To me, to be a good leader, first is to become a good follower, which I truly agree with the saying from Mark Wagner (2010) â€Å"Great Followers make the Best Leaders†. In my opinion, a great leader needs to be developed through experience and learning; learned from observation, listening, hearing and doing. A leader may be is naturally born, but a great leader is definitely made. Page 21 of 41 ILP 333 MANAGING YOUR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE 3.2 COMMUNICATION (Activity 4) Communication is a simple yet complex activity in which can be defined as a twoway process of reaching mutual understanding through verbal or nonverbal means. (Business Dictionary, n.d.) It is an important facet of life which plays a vital role not only in personal interactions but also in business communication. 3.2.1 Importance of Effective Communication In the daily personal interactions, effective communication could help oneself to deliver the information along and get the desired respond or need. It could also help to build up good relationships with the people around through better understanding and avoiding from arguments and misunderstandings. Effective communication could also build up individual’s’ self-esteem as they are able to present themselves well and express their thoughts and feelings. Effective communication is also a key to success for every organisation, leader, manager, and employee. It is vital for an organisation to build or strengthen the relations with internal and external stakeholders and ultimately, achieving business goals and missions. Following table highlights the importance of effective communication in business: Consideration Understands human nature Emphasize positive pleasant facts, visualizing reader or listener’s problems, desires, emotions and responses. ILP 333 MANAGING YOUR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE Courtesy Strengthen relations Not only thinks about receiver but also valuing his or her feelings. Use polite word and gestures, being appreciative, thoughtful, tactful, showing respect. Source: Managementstudyguide.com, 2012 3.2.3 Reflection Throughout this activity, I found out that it wasn’t easy to get everyone to be in the same level of understanding of the information that I have been delivered. Different people tend to have different interpretation and understanding towards my explanation of the visual ‘poster’. I was struggling in expressing my own thoughts and ideas effectively towards the entire class. Also, I realized the same scenario happened in my previous workplace when I was expressing or explaining something to different people. My words are often misinterpreted or misunderstood; and eventually lead to ineffective job performance. My weakness in delivering message is causing me great difficulty to communicate effectively especially in the workplace. Out of the 7C’s above, I realized I am somehow lack of the 2 C’s – completeness and concreteness. I often simplify my expressed thoughts and ideas without any further explanation and supporting facts. Perhaps this is the issue which leads to the misinterpretations due to having an unclear and ineffective communication. Therefore, it is essential for me to look into how I could craft effective communications and further develop on my communication skills. Page 24 of 41 ILP 333 MANAGING YOUR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE 3.2.4 Communication Skills The act of communicating involves verbal and nonverbal components. (Rod and Suzanne, n.d.) Both of these components are interrelated which are vital to deliver clear and concise messages; and receive correct and understand messages sent by the others. Therefore, these two aspects of communication skills should be enhanced as a whole to ensure effective communication. (a) Verbal Verbal communication includes both oral and written communications. (Rod and Suzanne, n.d.) There are numerous verbal communication skills such as speak with confidence, think before you speak, don’t talk too much and so on. And, I found it that there are certain verbal skills that I could enhance and worth mastering based on my communication weaknesses, which are: (i) Learn the art of listening Listening someone effectively enable us to gain valuable information and greater understanding of the others’ point of view. One of the key improvements that I would require is to stay focus or pay attention on the message delivered to gain a deeper understanding of another’s thoughts. Remain clearheaded is also another key area that I need to further enhance by truly listen to someone’s perception and controlling emotions when it comes to sensitive and emotional topic. (ii) Be clear and concise I should avoid wordy expressions and learn to choose my words; state out my point of views as clear as possible and as briefly and succinctly as possible. I Page 25 of ILP 333 MANAGING YOUR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE should train on this daily while communicating with family members, friends, colleagues and relatives; and gain feedbacks from them for better improvement. (b) Nonverbal Nonverbal communication can be described using body languages which involve facial expression, body movement, gestures, eye contact, voice, space and more. (Rod and Suzanne, n.d.) Following are the list of tips that could help me in enhancing my nonverbal communication skills: Always make eye contact while communicating with people. Exhibit appropriate facial expressions and affirmative head nods. Avoid distracting gestures and actions. Be mindful of personal space while communicating. Do not invade personal space by getting too close or confuse communication by being too far away. Source: IILM, 2012, p90 3.2.5 Conclusion Communication is not just a simple daily activity but it comes together with skills and techniques where individuals need to learn and acquire them in order to perform daily tasks and work effectively. To me, it is the most highly valued skill out of all professional skills as it plays a vital role in all aspects of personal and professional lives that would last for a lifetime. (Word Counts: 1436 Words) ILP 333 MANAGING YOUR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE 4.0 DEVELOP AN ACTION PLAN FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT A personal action plan is a detailed schedule of key activities which set by an individual in order to accomplish personal goals. (Carnes, 2010) Based on my vision and mission statements as well as the identified development needs, I have set a list of goals to be achieved into short-medium terms in the next fifteen years; starting from year 2013 till 2027. 4.1 FIVE-YEAR ACTION PLAN Plan period: From 2013 to 2017 (Age 22 to 26) Goals to be achieved: 1. To be a Front Office Manager I have got two years working experience as a guest experience executive in the hotel industry and several part time working experiences in the related fields. My next stage will be looking forward to be a front office supervisor; and then strive hard to work my way up to the next level which is to be a front office manager within these five years. 2. To travel every year Ever since I finished primary school, I have not been to anywhere out of the country, as I am committed to my study and work. And to be frank, I can’t really remember when is the last time I traveled, most probably is when I was in the age of 12. I want to turn this around; and I want to go on vacation or travel abroad every year to gain a different perspective of the world. Lifetime ILP 333 MANAGING YOUR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE ï‚ · From industry expertise, managers, supervisors and colleagues through sharing of industry knowledge and experiences. Personal Observations and Experiences ï‚ · The daily working experiences also known as the firsthand experiences enable me to gain awareness and up-todate hospitality-related service and knowledge. Year 1 – 2013 (Age 22) Basically my plan in 2013 is to return to my previous workplace right after I finished my degree course in between April to May. I have been offered a position by my ex-manager, working as a guest experience supervisor or called it as a front office supervisor starting in June. Throughout the whole year, I have planned to take different training programmes or courses to overcome my weaknesses, enhance my professional skills, gain additional knowledge, build up self esteem and develop self competencies. The examples of training programmes include the â€Å"360-Degree Leadership Skills† training course, â€Å"Creativity, Critical Thinking, Problem Solving and Decision Making† training course, and â€Å"Personal and Professional Effectiveness† training workshop. Also, I am seeking for work-life balance, and I will plan for at least an oversea trip probably in the year-end; which it is also one of my personal goals.ILP 333 MANAGING YOUR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE Year 2 to 5 – 2014 2017 (Age 23 to 26 ) These four years are going to be hectic years as I will be striving hard to work my way up to the next position level. I will apply for Starwood Leadership Development Programme which is a hands-on-three-year training programme to prepare myself to be a future leader; enhancing every aspect of my personal and professional skills, knowledge and experiences. From time to time, I will also keep myself up-to-date of the hospitality or related industry knowledge through a wide variety of resources as listed in the action plan. I will also constantly look up for courses or training programmes to help me to further improving my professional skills and knowledge. And hopefully by 2017, I could achieve my first career goal which is to be a front office manager; utilizing my skills, knowledge and experiences gained to help the organisation in enhancing the performance and continuous improvement within the business. Page 31 of 41 ILP 333 MANAGING YOUR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE 4.2 TEN-YEAR ACTION PLAN Plan Period: From 2018 to 2027 (Age 27-36) Goals to be achieved: 1. To be a Director of Rooms Division (By Year 2022, Age 31) My next goal to be achieved after being a Front Office Manager is to be a Director of Rooms Division after five years. I planned to apply for cross training or internal transfer programme to the housekeeping department for at least two years to learn and get more exposure about the overall rooms operation. 2. To be a Hotel Manager (By Year 2027, 36) My next goal to be achieved after being a Director of Rooms Division is to be a Hotel Manager after five years; before moving forward to the next position level which is the General Manager. I planned to gain experience and exposure to all hotel departments and different functions to gain more in-depth knowledge and integrated experience of how the entire hotel operates. 3. To get a Master’s Degree (By Year 2019, Age 28) Also, one of my ten-year goals is to earn a Master’s Degree on a part-time basis to acquire broader knowledge and skills to keep myself a competitive edge over the others. Keeping me on the edge of developments with constant professional skills improvement and keeping industry knowledge up to date is also one of my life time plans. Personal Observations and Experiences The daily working experiences also known as the firsthand experiences enable me to gain awareness and up-todate hospitality-related service and knowledge. Cross Training Programme – Housekeeping Department ILP 333 MANAGING YOUR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE Year 1 to 5 – 2018 2022 (Age 27 to 31) Basically my plan after achieving my first career goal is to get a Master’s Degree major in hospitality management on a part-time basis over two years duration. This enables me to stay competitive in the industry as there is a growing in demand for higher education qualifications in the hospitality industry especially for the higher level positions. Also, I will participate in certain soft skills training programmes or courses to further improve and enrich myself such as stress management and emotional intelligence training workshops. Constantly updating the industry knowledge through a variety of sources is also one of my to-do-lists to keep myself stay alert about the industry changes, spot threats and opportunities early on, and make better business decisions. After planning to work for two years as a front office manager, I plan to get myself involved in cross training programme in housekeeping department to gain integrated experience and knowledge on how the entire room division operates. This can be an important stepping stone for me to move onto the next career level. Besides, I will also take up the Certified Professional Coach (CPC) Programme to enhance my mentoring and coaching skills to elevate myself to become a better leader. This programme not only able to help me to become better coaches in my own professional and personal lives but at the same time also improving better cross functional interaction and efficiency in the organisation. And expecting by 2022; all the plans, efforts and determination that I have put in could help me in achieving my second career goal in life which is to be a Director of Rooms Division. Page 36 of 41 ILP 333 MANAGING YOUR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE Year 6 to 10 – 2023 2027 (Age 32 to 36) Gaining integrated experience in all hotel departments through cross training programme is going to be my next plan after being a Director of Rooms Division. This cross training is going to take about three years duration to six different departments with six months each which include food and beverage, security, engineering, sales and marketing, finance and revenue, and human resource departments. This programme is extremely important for me in achieving my next career goal as it enables me to expose, learn and gain an in-depth knowledge and experience on how the entire hotel runs. And expecting by 2027, I could achieve my third career goal in life which is to be a Hotel Manager. Other than just focusing on maximizing my career achievement, I also aim to buy a home latest by 2024 in the age of 33 and build up a happy and healthy family. Not to forget also to ensure a balance of my work life; go on vacation or travel abroad probably in every year-end to relax and gain a different perspective of the world. 4.3 Contingency Plan Reviewing on the action plans regularly is essential to keep track of my progress in achieving my personal and professional goals. However, situations may change at times due to sudden or unexpected circumstances or perhaps desires may change as time goes by. Therefore, adjusting goals and plans are necessary when the situation calls for it. Following are the contingency plans of the five and ten years development plans by identifying the possible breakdowns: Page 37 of 41 ILP 333 MANAGING YOUR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE 1. Extension of Timeframe An extension of time is essential when the goals are unable to be achieved within the timeframe perhaps due to unexpected circumstances. For example, my aim to purchase a house by the age of 33 might need to be extended in the case that I am facing financial difficulties at that moment. The cross training programme to all hotel departments might also need to be extended from three years to four years if I can’t gain my desired result and knowledge from all the departments within the targeted timeframe. 2. Seek consultation from industry expertise Seeking advice and consultation from industry expertise such as managers and directors is required if I don’t gain the desired or enough skills and knowledge from the training programmes and workshops. Often the view, opinion, experience and knowledge share by the expertise could help me to gain a better insight into the required skills development. 3. Online Professional Development Taking up online development courses are my backup plan instead of attending training programmes or workshops during the case of having limited time in completing a thousand of tasks in daily life; causing me couldn’t fulfill my development plans within the targeted timeframe. This backup plan would be more flexible and convenient for me especially in a hectic working environment. However, I would still prefer participating in training workshops as I will get the chance to get involved in a variety of activities such as role plays, group Page 38 of 41 ILP 333 MANAGING YOUR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE dynamics, games and more; which could help me in gaining a better understanding and insight of the professional skills development. 4.4 Future Plan My next career aim after being a Hotel Manager for about five years length of duration is looking forward to become an effective and respected General Manager in the hospitality industry which is also my vision in life. My career development will not just stop at this stage after achieving my vision; but will continue on to set another vision and goals to be accomplished in the rest of my life. I will continue to emphasize on maximizing my career potential and achievement through ongoing development of professional skills, knowledge and experience. Besides taking up different skills training courses and participating in training programmes to further enhance and enrich myself, I will also seek advice from the industry experts to achieve a better result in career achievement. Not to forget also to constantly reviewing and evaluating the action plan and self development; and look for ways to further enhance personal and professional performance. Besides, one of my future plans is also to contribute to the best of my ability towards the community not only on behalf of the organisation but also for my own sake. Example of contributions include participating or working with the local or international charities and adopting green approaches such as choosing more Page 39 of ILP 333 MANAGING YOUR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE environmentally viable alternative power supplies, integrating the consideration of environmental concerns into decision makings, promote environmental awareness, reducing waste through reuse and recycling activities and more. Conclusion To me, personal and professional development is a journey that never ends. It is a lifetime and ongoing process in developing professional skills, knowledge and experience as well as in achieving personal and spiritual growth. I truly believe that personal growth and development is completely within my hands which requires not only strong determination and self discipline but also having a positive, can-do attitude and thought that are vital in driving me to success. And based on my philosophy of success, I will definitely put in great effort and determination in everything I do; strive hard to achieve every single goal that I have set in life. (Word Counts: 1869 Words) (Total Word Counts: 4184 Words) Page 40 of 41

Evaluation of Frying Oil Quality

Evaluation of Frying Oil Quality CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW Deep Fat Frying Deep-fat frying is basically a process which involves immersing a food item in a large quantity of oil or fat at high temperature, which is normally replenished and reused numerous times before being disposed and it is possibly one of the most dynamic processes in all of food processing (Sumnu Sahin, 2008). Products of deep-fat frying come with desired sensory characteristics such as fried food flavour, golden brown colour, and a crisp texture (Warner, Gupta, White, others, 2004). A crisp outer texture is an ultimate characteristic of most fried foods which is developed through rapid surface dehydration during frying and can be controlled by changing a few variables, including product preparation, breading or batter formulation, frying procedures, and post-frying conditions (Banks, 1996). Deep-fat frying uses a large volume of liquid such as oil, fat, and paraffin which has high boiling point and buoyancy forces are particularly efficient to homogenize the temperature along the vertical direction because oil and fat are highly thermo-expandable fluids (Achir, Vitrac, Trystram, 2008). Oil often makes up significant portion of the final food product, as much as 45% of the total product although frying oils serves primarily as a heat exchange medium (Erickson Perkins, 1996). According to Rossell (2001), frying is suitable in cooking all types of foods such as meat, fish as well as vegetables especially potatoes which are probably the food most associated with frying, as potatoes are used to produce both French fries and crisps. Fried food undergoes two correlated mass transfers which are water loss and oil uptake during frying (Bassama, Achir, Trystram, Collignan, Bohuon, 2015). Therefore, the nutritional value of the final product is significantly affected by the nature of the frying oils as they are indeed differ markedly in terms of their fatty acid and fat-soluble micronutrient composition (Chiou, Kalogeropoulos, Boskou, Salta, 2012). Oil is usually heated at high temperatures at 160-200 °C in the presence of air, and water vapour is released from the fried food during the discontinuous frying process resulting in undesirable changes that may occur concurrently with desirable modifications, one such change being the loss of nutrients, and especially vitamins (Juà ¡rez, Osawa, Acuà ±a, Sammà ¡n, Gonà §alves, 2011). Due to thermal decomposition, chemical reactions like oxidation and hydrolysis occur, thus causing changes of the functional, sensory and nutritional quality of the fat and may eventu ally reach a point where it is impossible to prepare high quality fried products and the frying oil will have to be discarded (Stevenson, Vaisey-Genser, Eskin, 1984). A few factors that affect rate of the oil decomposition are composition of the oil, the temperature and the length of frying, continuous or intermittent frying, type of fried food, and fresh oil replenishment (Fan, Sharifudin, Hasmadi, Chew, 2013). In addition, according to Abdulkarim et al (2007), oils with high amount of oleic acid which is rich in monounsaturated fatty acid are more stable and slower to develop oxidative rancidity during shelf life. Quality of Frying Oil The quality of food may be defined as the composite of those characteristics that differentiate individual units of product’s acceptability (Lawson, 1985). The initial quality of oil as well as its durability during frying is influenced by all steps included in processing of the oil and can have a significant impact on the quality of fried food prepared with it (Orthoefer Cooper, 1996). Assessing frying oil quality is very important because a certain amount of oil is absorbed by food during frying and becomes part of the food (Rossell, 2001b). When compared with fresh oil, the degraded oil has an altered nutritional and toxicological profile (Perkins Kummerow, 1959). Therefore, determination of its quality is critical for reaching the desired shelf-life for the product, and reduces the potential for creating health hazard (Gupta, 2005). Oil is used repeatedly at high temperatures, and various chemical processes such as hydrolysis, polymerization, oxidation and fission take place resulting in the accumulation of products of decomposition that not only affect the quality of fried foods but also to human health, especially when frying fat or oil is highly abused (Frankel, Smith, Hamblin, Creveling, Clifford, 1984; Fritsch, 1981). According to Stevenson et al (1984), the rate of formation of decomposition products vary with the food being fried, the oil being used, the choice of the fryer design and the nature of the operating conditions. For example, frying foods that contain high levels of egg solids can contribute to early foaming due to leaching of lecithin into the frying oil and fats from meat or chicken can diffuse into the oil during the frying process, thus contaminate the frying oils (Landers Rathmann, 1981; Weiss, 1983). Stevenson et al (1984) said that operator should ensure that the food being cooked are uniform in term of size and free from excess surface water, crumbs or breading material to reduce fat breakdown caused by the food during frying. Cleanliness of the fryer is one of the factors to be considered in controlling fat breakdown as polymerized fat deposited on the fryer tends to catalyse the formation of more gum which contributes to foaming, color darkening and further deterioration of the frying fat. In addition, ensuring that all traces of detergents are removed during rinsing is very important since this substance can catalyze fat breakdown when frying is resumed (Jacobson, 1967; Weiss, 1983). Oil quality can be maintained by turnover rate which is described as the ratio of the total amount of fat in the fryer to the rate at which fresh fat is added to the kettle and daily turnover at 15-25% of the fryer capacity is recommended (CJ, 1967). Condition of the frying fat gets better when the rate of turnover is higher as appropriate turnover rate will replace lost of silicones due to adherence to the fried items and will keep the level of FFA small. Furthermore, quality of the oil at point of purchase contributes significantly to quality of used frying oil as illustrated in Table 1. Table 1 Quality limits for frying oil Adapted from Rossell (2001). Changes occurring during deep-fat frying There are three main factors that are important in frying operation which are the food to be fried, the oil used, and the characteristics of the process especially temperature and frying time (Blumenthal, 1991). Chemical reaction like oxidation and hydrolysis will affect the functional, sensory and nutritional quality of the oil which may eventually reach a point where the oil needs to be discarded. Physical changes in oil that occur during heating and frying include increased viscosity, color, and foaming, decreased smoke point, development of off odors such as acrid and burnt, and development of off flavors in the fried food (Warner, 2002). Physical and chemical reactions that occur during frying are represented in Figure 1. Figure 1: Changes occurring during deep fat frying (Adapted from Fritsch 1981) Products of decomposition formed during frying can be divided into two classes which are volatile and non-volatile products. Volatile decomposition products include aldehydes, ketones, alcohol acids, esters, hydrocarbon, lactones and aromatic compounds are removed from frying medium by steam generated during frying (Stevenson et al., 1984). On the other hand, the non-volatile decomposition products eventually produce physical changes in frying oil such as increase in color, foaming, and viscosity (Perkins, 1967). Their formation is due largely to thermal oxidation and polymerization of the unsaturated fatty acids in the frying medium. When oil is heated in air, it first shows a gain in weight as oxygen is absorbed, and its peroxide value may increase and when heating continues, the peroxides will decompose, and scission products start to distil off, leading to a net loss in weight (Perkins, 1967; White, 1991). Hydroperoxides may undergo further degradation of three major types: (a) f ission to form alcohols, aldehydes, acids and hydrocarbons, thereby also contributing to the darkening of the frying oils and flavors; (b) dehydration to form ketones; and (c) free-radical formation of dimers and trimers, leading to polymers, all of which contribute to viscosity increase (Lalas, 2008). According to Artman (1969), conjugation of the double bonds and the accumulation of oxygenated products increases the ultraviolet absorption of the oil and iodine value of the oil may decrease later during frying due to the double bonds are consumed in various reactions. Hydrolysis is caused by moisture in fried foods resulting in the formation of free fatty acids (FFA), monoglycerides, diglycerides, and glycerols. FFAs may also be formed during oxidation due to cleavage and oxidation of double bonds (Perkins, 1967).